Biography and Profile of John Napier, Mathematician

Biography and Profile of John Napier, Mathematician The hand without a thumb is at worst nothing but an animated spatula and at best a pair of forceps whose points dont meet properly - John Napier John Napier was a Scottish ​mathematician and inventor. Napier is famous for creating mathematical logarithms, creating the decimal point, and for inventing Napiers Bones, a calculating instrument. John Napier While better known as a mathematician, John Napier was a busy inventor. He proposed several military inventions including burning mirrors that set enemy ships on fire, special artillery that destroyed everything within a radius of four miles, bulletproof clothing, a crude version of a tank, and a submarine-like device. John Napier invented a hydraulic screw with a revolving axle that lowered water levels in coal pits. Napier also worked on agricultural innovations to improve crops with manures and salt. Mathematician As a Mathematician, the highlight of John Napiers life was the creation of logarithms and the decimal notation for fractions. His other mathematical contributions included: a mnemonic for formulas used in solving spherical triangles, two formulas known as Napiers analogies used in solving spherical triangles, and the exponential expressions for trigonometric functions. In 1621, English mathematician and clergyman, William Oughtred used Napiers logarithms when he invented the slide rule. Oughtred invented the standard rectilinear slide rule and circular slide rule. Napiers Bones Napiers bones were multiplication tables written on strips of wood or bones. The invention was used for multiplying, dividing, and taking square roots and cube roots.

Understanding Canadas Parliament and How Laws Are Made

Understanding Canadas Parliament and How Laws Are Made Canada is a  constitutional monarchy, which means that it recognizes the queen or king as the  head of state, while the prime minister is the  head of government.  Parliament is the legislative branch of the federal government in Canada. Canada’s Parliament consists of three parts: the Queen, the Senate and the House of Commons. As the legislative branch of the federal government, all three parts work together to make the laws for the country. Who Are the Members of Parliament? The Parliament of Canada is made up of the sovereign, represented by the governor-general of Canada, plus the House of Commons and the Senate. Parliament is the legislative, or law-making, branch of the federal government.   Canadas government has three branches. The members of Parliament, or parliamentarians, meet in Ottawa and work with the executive and judicial branches to run the national government.  The executive branch is the decision-making branch, consisting of the  sovereign,  the  prime minister  and the  Cabinet. The judicial branch is a series of  independent  courts that interpret the  laws  passed by the other branches. Canadas Two-Chamber System Canada has a  bicameral  parliamentary system. That means that there are two separate  chambers, each with its own group of  parliamentarians:  the  Senate  and the  House of Commons. Each chamber has a Speaker who acts as the presiding officer of the chamber. The prime minister recommends individuals to serve in the Senate, and the governor-general makes the appointments. A senator must be at least 30 years old and must retire by his or her  75th  birthday.  The Senate has 105 members, and the seats are distributed to give equal representation to the major regions of the country. In contrast, voters elect representatives to the House of Commons. These representatives are called Members of Parliament, or MPs.  With few exceptions, anyone who is qualified to vote can run for a seat in the House of Commons. Thus, a candidate needs to be at least 18 years old to run for an MP position.  Seats in the House of Commons are distributed in proportion to the population of each province and territory. In general, the more people in a province or territory, the more members it has in the House of Commons. The number of MPs varies, but every province or territory must have at least as many members in the House of Commons as it has in the Senate. Making Law in Canada Members of both the Senate and the  House of Commons propose, review and debate potential new laws. This includes opposition party members, who also may propose new laws and participate in the overall lawmaking process. To become law, a bill must pass through both chambers in a series of readings and debates, followed by careful study in committee and additional debate. Finally, the bill must receive royal assent, or final approval, by the governor-general before becoming  law.

Disability Interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Disability Interview - Assignment Example Mike used to be quite popular with his social network; the life of the party who was well-respected prior to his injury. Mike has found that his social invitations are nearly non-existent since the injury, causing him significant frustration at the social level. Emotionally, Mike is having adjustment problems with being forced to live back at home with his parents while he attempts to adjust to his disability. Having been an independent person before the accident, Mike often finds himself lashing out at others in frustration and anger over his life situation. At the psychological level, Mike described what would be referred to as defense mechanisms, often denying that his disability exists so that he can cope with the situation. At the physical level, Mike has a difficult time performing simple tasks such as tying his shoes, eating a meal, or even using the restroom independently. Mike’s right arm was severed which had been his dominant hand for basic lifestyle needs such as writing. Even though Mike receives ongoing parental support and encouragement, he still has not learned basic rudimentary skills without assistance or the use of a vocal translator on his personal computer. At the functional level, Mike would essentially be categorized as moderately functional, requiring significant external assistance in many different areas of lifestyle. Mike has learned to overcome his emotional concern over lost friendships through a series of meditation practices mandated by his primary physician. Mike had a long-term girlfriend who abruptly abandoned him after discovering his disability. At the social and emotional levels, Mike is exploring alternative dating websites which match people with like disabilities for romantic encounters. Additionally, Mike has finally learned to overcome his career deficiencies by being linked with a recruiter who manages people with his condition. At the vocational level, Mike is taking extended coursework in an

Car Statisics Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Car Statisics - Research Proposal Example Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir was the first man to successfully build a two-stroke gas driven engine. He built a gas-driven-engine vehicle in 1862 which ran at a speed of 3 km per hour, which became highly popular and the type of which were frequently seen on the roads by 1865. Gottileb Damlier and Nicolas Otto worked together on the mission of devising a four stroke engine till they separated. Damlier then individually went on to create engines which could be used for cars as well as four-wheel horseless carriages. Several experiments continued all over the United States as Henry Ford started his experiment on a horseless carriage in 1860. He was successful in producing his first car which was a 'Quadricycle' in the year 1896, which was a gasoline engine powered by two cylinders. This marked the launch of the Ford Motor Company in the year 1903 following which he propelled his vehicle 'Model T Ford' to great heights of fame. He ceaselessly continued with his experiments and subsequently witnessed the production of the same model on the lines of 'moving assembly' thus was highly instrumental in the modern day mass production techniques of the current car companies. Did you know that the world's cheapest car the Tata Nano, only costs only 100,000 rupees or $2,500 (1,277) and is designed and manufactured in India by the automobile company Tata Motors The car is specifically designed as a "safe, affordable, all weather form of transport" for family use in India, the inspiration of which came to Ratan Tata from the observation of "families riding on two-wheelers - the father driving the scooter, his young kid standing in front of him, his wife seated behind him holding a little baby.". The four-door car is a five seater, 3.1m long, 1.5m wide and 1.6m high, has a 33bhp, 624cc engine at the rear and will go on sale later this year. The car does not have a power steering or electric windows but will offer the same in two deluxe models. It has no air conditioning, no electric windows and no power steering, but two deluxe models will be on offer. The Indian company Tata Motors will manufacture approximately 250,000 Nanos, popularly termed as the "Peopl e's car", and expects an annual demand of one million cars in India's domestic car market which is predicted to soar, gauging the country's fast growing economy and rapidly escalating consumer wealth and the expectation that Indian car sales are going to more than quadruple to $ 145 billion by the year 2016. Article 3 The worlds most expensive cars 1. Bugatti Veyron Did you know that the Bugatti Veyron, with a price of $1,192,057 or 1,000,000 is not only the world's most

Mayhem at Chauri Chaura Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mayhem at Chauri Chaura - Essay Example Such an immense effort involved the coalescing of a range of ideologies and ethos, some of which blatantly crossed the limits of the much cherished Gandhian principles of non-violence and non-cooperation. Indian freedom struggle stands to be unique in the sense that it achieved its objectives not through one single onslaught or revolution, but did so through a series intermixed and interspersed active and passive movements and incidents that are prominently or blurredly scattered across the landscape of the Indian national movement. The so called mayhem at Chauri Chaura that took place on 4 February, 1922 has always been a dilemma for the modern historians. On that ominous day, the peasant volunteers affiliated to the Gandhi's non-cooperation movement ran amuck on being provoked by the cops and burned to ground the police station at Chauri Chaura. The unsuspecting and ill prepared policemen who tried to escape were hacked to death. On hearing about this incident, Gandhi immediately decided to withdraw the nascent civil disobedience movement, despite the contrary opinion of a number of prominent Congress leaders. He also successfully managed to persuade the Congress Working Committee to ratify his decision. Thus on 12 February, 19222, the non-cooperation movement that had attracted the hopes and aspirations of the entire nation, abruptly came to an end. According to Shahid Amin, "this dramatic occurrence simply had to be quickly forgotten as a stain upon the clean sheets of Gandhian non-violence (14)". However, the ghost of Chauri Chaura refused to die on that ill fated day and still off and on pops out from the dark nooks and recesses of the Indian history. The meaning and interpretation of the incidents at Chauri Chaura have many a times, changed and altered and are even today being redefined and reanalyzed by the contemporary historians and the students of history.The very fact that Gandhi vociferously disassociated himself from the violence at Chauri Chaura and openly criticized and denounced the incident under consideration as "The Crime of Gorakhpur" set the pace for the imperialist and the nationalist historians. For a long time the imperialist and the nationalist historians managed to maintain their hegemony, so far as the task of assigning meaning to the events at Chaura Chauri were concerned. In the words of Theodore Piggott, the judge who presided over the hearings of the Chaura Chauri accused, "If we treated the mob of deluded peasants as rebels we may possibly dignify the riot as waging war against the King. The only alternative was to deal with the offenders as ordinary criminals (Amin 111). Thus the imperialist historians left no stone unturned in dubbing the violence at Chauri Chaura as a regular breach of law and order and succeeded in diluting the significance of this epoch making incident. The nationalist interpretation also hovers around the imperialist

Gold Standard and The Foriegn Exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gold Standard and The Foriegn Exchange - Essay Example Kemmerer (1944) defines gold standard as â€Å"a monetary system where the unit of value, in terms of which prices, wages, and debts are customarily expressed and paid, consists of the value of a fixed quantity of gold in a large international market which is substantially free.† (p. 134) From mid 1870s more and more countries started to value their national currencies against gold. In the 1920s fixing a gold value for the currency ensured stable exchange rates which boosted external value of it and consequently ensured the stability of internal prices. The gold standard period is characterized by national governments policy aimed at preserving the value of the currency (Milward 1996, p.87) Very simple in its origins gold standard was declared to support national currencies serving as an equilibrating mechanism reducing foreign exchange risk and eliminating the risk of destroying governmental policies. Each country has a domestic supply of money backed by its domestic reserves of gold. If a Treasury printed banknotes not backed by the gold standard, the result would be individual requirements to exchange the excess banknotes for gold. (DeLong 1997) Countries which joined fixed exchange rate standard were enjoying long-run price level stability and predictability, stable and low long-run interest rates, stable exchange rates which contributed to massive capital inputs to the worlds developing countries. (Bordo and Schwartz 1996, p.11) As historically-specific institution the gold standard had been supported by all industrial-economy governments to maintain convertibility of their currency. Under the gold standard not only trade expanded but also international capital markets developed. It allowed considerable investments into enterprises in other industrializing, mineral-rich countries which benefited greatly the economies of these countries. The gold standard ensured the entrepreneurs engaged in international trade from foreign exchange

Strategy (Business) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategy (Business) - Essay Example Johnson & Scholes (1999) define stakeholder as, â€Å"Stakeholders are groups or individuals who have a stake in, or expectation of, the organisation’s performance.† Stakeholders all have power, someone has a formal power invested in a position of authority or it could be the social power of being able to persuade others to support or oppose the policies of the organization. For example NGOs and social watch groups often exert such a power on the company forcing the organization to adopt or abandon some decisions. For example an oil producing company has to remain watchful for any pollution in the seabed, a construction company has to make sure that it doesn’t spread too much of building material on the lanes and bylanes, blocking the easy movement of general public. People with higher power could be the company’s most useful supporters or most dangerous opponents, depending upon the prevailing dynamics. Different companies have different set of stakeholders with different levels of power structures. Shareholders (medium and big): This type of shareholder is interested in better dividend rates as well as better performance and public relations of the company. He keeps an eye on macro as well as micro level factors. Banks and Financial Institutions: Banks and Institutions are not only interested in better showing, but they also wish the company to diversify in more areas, open more facilities as that involves more business for banks and Financial Institutions (FIs). Customers: Customers want value for their money; they can wield pressure by way of asking for better quality at reasonable prices. They need to be pampered by the company, otherwise there is an inherent danger of their opting for alternative products or the products of rival companies. Lower level Employees: These stakeholders are interested in their salaries at the end of the month, not involving themselves in the strategic decisions. They